(i) Phenol to anisole:
Phenol can be converted to anisole (methoxybenzene) by methylation. This is typically achieved using dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in the presence of a base like aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
The reaction proceeds as follows:
OH OCH3
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C6H5-OH + (CH3)2SO4 + NaOH --> C6H5-OCH3 + NaHSO4 + CH3OH
(ii) Propan-2-ol to 2-methylpropan-2-ol:
This conversion involves first converting propan-2-ol to acetone via oxidation, followed by a Grignard reaction with methylmagnesium bromide, and finally acid hydrolysis.
CH3 O
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CH3-C-OH --[O]--> CH3-C-CH3
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CH3
O OH
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CH3-C-CH3 + CH3MgBr --> CH3-C-CH3
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MgBr CH3
OH OH
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CH3-C-CH3 --[H3O+]--> CH3-C-CH3
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MgBr CH3
(iii) Aniline to phenol:
Aniline can be converted to phenol through a diazonium salt intermediate. The process involves the following steps:
NH2 N2Cl
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C6H5-NH2 + HNO2 + HCl --> C6H5-N=N-Cl + 2H2O
N2Cl OH
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C6H5-N=N-Cl + H2O --[H+]--> C6H5-OH + N2 + HCl