The process by which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to a common environmental challenge is called Natural selection, Adaptive radiation, Convergent evolution, or Non-random evolution?

Convergent evolution is the process, whereby, organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Natural selection is the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment. In Non-random evolution, genetic variants that aid survival and reproduction are much more likely to become common than variants that don't. Adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available. Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'Convergent evolution'.